简介：In conclusion， universal HBV vaccination provides long-term protection up to 20 years， and a universal booster is not indicated for the primary HBV vaccinees before adulthood. Mother-to-child transmission is the primary reason for vaccine failure and needs to be tackled in future vaccination programs. The emergence of escape mutant did not impose any increased risk of chronic infection at this moment. The development of new vaccines is expected to overcome the vaccine failure.